Charles,
A thermostat sticks open and closed randomly for several reasons. headgasket sucking air,water pump, sucking air, frigid cold can fail even a good thermostat into bizarre actions. This after acknowledging the system is not using coolant. Also a reservoir will fill up with cold fluid if thermostat is stuck closed in the cold. An engine can do many different things and make a thermostat problem elusive. You could also pack up and move towards 70 degrees where none of this will be of concern for decades at a time and hope the crazy north gets manly parts that function after 100+ years of the internal combustion engine resides in paradise with the other engineers of no concern.
With the engine cold, remove the radiator cap and warm the engine up. Normally, at startup, the coolant should be still. But as the engine warms up to normal operating temperature, the thermostat should open, and the coolant will stir with the water pump. The churning action of the water pump would be more apparent if you rev the engine up. Based on this normal thermostat operating scenario, you should be able to determine if your thermostat is stuck open or closed.
You will get almost identical symptoms to a sticking thermostat if you fit a normal thermostat to a car that requires a dual-acting thermostat (eg., some Corvettes). A dual-acting thermostat has a spring-loaded valve that closes the bypass circuit.
A thermostat sticking will make one " puke " if it gets stuck, engine warms up a little more than normal, and then all of the sudden realeases. All crazy things happen when a thermostat gets stuck
I know most of you already know much of this, but this post is for the ones who don't ..... Hope this helps.
..... two guns
TWO GUNS SWAMPS OF LOUISIANA